Sometimes when you're talking, you have to check to see if people understand what you're saying. In English, we have lots of expressions for this: "do you follow?" "are you with me so far?" "know what I mean?" "you see where I'm coming from?" etc.

Can anyone give me a few Irish phrases along those lines. "An dtuigeann tú?" is the only one I can think of.

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Táim ag foghlaim fós. Fáilte roimh gach aon cheartúchán.

Here's a couple:

tá a fhios 'ad "y' know"
tie SAD
/tɑisæ:d/

a' bhfuil a fhios 'ad ? "do y' know?"
willy SAD
/wil´əsæ:d/

nach bhfuil a fhios 'ad ? "don't y' know?"
nukh willy SAD
/Nax wil´əsæ:d/

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Múinteoir Gaeilge - Irish Teacher
My "specialty" is Connemara Irish, particularly Cois Fhairrge dialect, but I can also speak Ulster and Munster Irish with native-level pronunciation.
Is fearr Gaeilge ḃriste ná Béarla cliste, cinnte, aċ i ḃfad níos fearr aríst í Gaeilge ḃinn ḃeo na nGaeltaċtaí.
Gaeilge Chonnacht (GC), go háraid Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge (GCF), Gaeilic Uladh (GU), Gaelainn na Mumhan (GM), agus Gaeilge an Chaighdeáin Oifigiúil (CO).

I heard "an bhfuil tú liom?" (a teacher of mine told it to a girl in the class, to verify she was listening to his explanations)

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Is fearr Gaeilg na Gaeltaċta ná Gaeilg ar biṫ eile
Agus is í Gaeilg Ġaoṫ Doḃair is binne

Thanks you two. If ye think of anymore, keep posting.

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Táim ag foghlaim fós. Fáilte roimh gach aon cheartúchán.

má thigeann tú leat mé = if you follow me ; courtesy of potafocal.com

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Looks weird, a Shaoirse. Can anyone else confirm it?

Otherwise I think it is meant to be má thigeann tú mé "if you follow me/understand me" (or má thuigeann tú mé in CO).

Another that came up in FGB:

tuig é nó ná tuig "believe it or not"

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Múinteoir Gaeilge - Irish Teacher
My "specialty" is Connemara Irish, particularly Cois Fhairrge dialect, but I can also speak Ulster and Munster Irish with native-level pronunciation.
Is fearr Gaeilge ḃriste ná Béarla cliste, cinnte, aċ i ḃfad níos fearr aríst í Gaeilge ḃinn ḃeo na nGaeltaċtaí.
Gaeilge Chonnacht (GC), go háraid Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge (GCF), Gaeilic Uladh (GU), Gaelainn na Mumhan (GM), agus Gaeilge an Chaighdeáin Oifigiúil (CO).

Actually, it does look weird. I copied it straight from potafocal, but I don't know.

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I think it may be from the user comments section at Beo!, so it hasn't been edited properly, perhaps?

(Or I could just be missing an idiom so don't quote me just yet. )

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Múinteoir Gaeilge - Irish Teacher
My "specialty" is Connemara Irish, particularly Cois Fhairrge dialect, but I can also speak Ulster and Munster Irish with native-level pronunciation.
Is fearr Gaeilge ḃriste ná Béarla cliste, cinnte, aċ i ḃfad níos fearr aríst í Gaeilge ḃinn ḃeo na nGaeltaċtaí.
Gaeilge Chonnacht (GC), go háraid Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge (GCF), Gaeilic Uladh (GU), Gaelainn na Mumhan (GM), agus Gaeilge an Chaighdeáin Oifigiúil (CO).

I can't make sense of it either. I haven't ever heard it in speech.

Yes, can confirm - "an dtuigeann tú leat mé" and its variations are reasonably common. It's used not really for a straight "do you understand me?" but more for "get what I'm saying?"/"catch my drift?" i.e. the idea of "do you know what I'm saying even though I'm not spelling it out?"